![]() ![]() ![]() The development and final form of the fruiting body is widely varied, ranging from minimally expanded simple dehiscent (non-fleshy) fruit of the model plant Arabidopsis, through expanded ovaries of tomato, to complex fruiting organs with several different expanded tissues, such as found in the pome fruit. Fruit are typically considered an enlarged organ that surrounds the developing seeds of a plant, or the ripened ovary of a flower together with any associated accessory parts. The array results are reproducible and comparisons with experiments in other species has been used to identify genes that may play a fundamental role in fruit development.įruit-bearing crop species are an important component of the human diet providing nutrition, dietary diversity and pleasure. Gene expression in apple fruit is coordinated with specific developmental stages. The early phase of cell division and tissue specification that occurs in the first 35 days after pollination has been associated with up-regulation of a cluster of genes that includes core cell cycle genes. Comparison with fruit development microarrays in tomato has been used to identify 16 genes for which expression patterns are similar in apple and tomato and these genes may play fundamental roles in fruit development. Comparison with microarrays of ethylene-treated apple fruit identified a group of ethylene induced genes also induced in normal fruit ripening. Starch metabolic genes were associated with changes in starch levels during fruit development. ![]() Functional analysis associated cell cycle genes with early fruit development and three core cell cycle genes are significantly up-regulated in the early stages of fruit development. Expression of genes is coordinated with four major patterns of expression observed: high in floral buds high during cell division high when starch levels and cell expansion rates peak and high during ripening. Using ANOVA analysis of the microarray data, 1955 genes showed significant changes in expression over this time course. This analysis of gene expression lays the groundwork for a molecular understanding of fruit growth and development in apple. An array representing approximately 13000 genes (15726 oligonucleotides of 45–55 bases) designed from apple ESTs has been used to study gene expression over eight time points during fruit development. Apple fruit develop over a period of 150 days from anthesis to fully ripe. ![]()
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